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The Lewis chessmen (or Uig chessmen, named after the bay where they were found) are a group of 12th-century chess pieces, along with other gaming pieces, most of which are carved in walrus ivory. Discovered in 1831 on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, they may constitute some of the few complete, surviving medieval chess sets, although it is not clear if a set as originally made can be assembled from the pieces. When found, the hoard contained 93 artifacts: 78 chess pieces, 14 tablemen and one belt buckle. Today, 82 pieces are owned and usually exhibited by the British Museum in London, and the remaining 11 are at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. ==Origin== The chessmen were probably made in Trondheim, Norway, in the 12th century, although some scholars have suggested other Nordic countries.〔Robinson, p. 14.〕 During that period, the Outer Hebrides, along with other major groups of Scottish islands, were ruled by Norway.〔 According to Dr. Alex Woolf, director of the University of St. Andrews Institute for Medieval Studies, there are reasons for believing the pieces came from Trondheim: *A broken queen piece in a similar style was found in an excavation of the archbishop's palace - it appeared the piece was broken as it was being made. *The presence of wealthy people in Trondheim able to pay craftsmen for high-quality chess pieces. *Similar carving in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim. *The excavation in Trondheim of a kite-shaped shield similar to shields on some of the pieces and a king piece of similar design found on Hitra Island, near the mouth of Trondheim Fjord. Woolf has said that the armour worn by the chess figures includes "perfect" reproductions of armour worn at the time in Norway.〔 (appeared September 9, 2010 in the newspaper, page C2, ''New York Times'')〕 Icelanders Gudmundur Thorarinsson and Einar Einarsson have proposed that the chessmen originated in Iceland, since only in Iceland were the bishops called that at that time, while in other countries they used a name unassociated with the church. However, this is disputed by Woolf, who stated that the use of bishops originated in England,〔 and by Norwegian chess historian and member of the Ken Whyld Association〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.kwabc.org/index.php/membership-members )〕 Morten Lilleøren.Lilleøren, Morten, (The Lewis Chessmen on a Fantasy Iceland ) (ChessBase News, 2 Dec 2011)〕 Some historians believe that the Lewis chessmen were hidden (or lost) after some mishap occurred during their carriage from Norway to wealthy Norse towns on the east coast of Ireland, such as Dublin. The large number of pieces and their lack of wear may suggest that they were the stock of a trader or dealer.〔 Along with the chess pieces, there were 14 plain round tablemen for the game of tables and one belt buckle, all made of ivory, making a total of 93 artifacts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lewis chessmen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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